掌握证书验证：Python 中的 PKI 实现

            pip install cryptography

            

              
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            from cryptography import x509
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend

def load_and_inspect_certificate(cert_path):
    """Loads an X.509 certificate from a file and prints its details."""
    try:
        with open(cert_path, "rb") as f:
            cert_data = f.read()
        
        certificate = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(cert_data, default_backend())
        # Or for DER format:
        # certificate = x509.load_der_x509_certificate(cert_data, default_backend())

        print(f"Certificate Subject: {certificate.subject}")
        print(f"Certificate Issuer: {certificate.issuer}")
        print(f"Not Before: {certificate.not_valid_before}")
        print(f"Not After: {certificate.not_valid_after}")
        print(f"Serial Number: {certificate.serial_number}")
        
        # Accessing extensions, e.g., Subject Alternative Names (SAN)
        try:
            san_extension = certificate.extensions.get_extension_for_class(x509.SubjectAlternativeName)
            print(f"Subject Alternative Names: {san_extension.value.get_values_for_type(x509.DNSName)}")
        except x509.ExtensionNotFound:
            print("Subject Alternative Name extension not found.")
            
        return certificate
        
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print(f"Error: Certificate file not found at {cert_path}")
        return None
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
        return None

# Example usage (replace 'path/to/your/certificate.pem' with an actual path)
# my_certificate = load_and_inspect_certificate('path/to/your/certificate.pem')

            

              
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            from cryptography import x509
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import padding

def verify_certificate_signature(cert_to_verify_path, issuer_cert_path):
    """Verifies the signature of a certificate using its issuer's certificate."""
    try:
        with open(cert_to_verify_path, "rb") as f:
            cert_data = f.read()
        cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(cert_data, default_backend())

        with open(issuer_cert_path, "rb") as f:
            issuer_cert_data = f.read()
        issuer_cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(issuer_cert_data, default_backend())

        issuer_public_key = issuer_cert.public_key()

        # The certificate object contains the signature and the signed data
        # We need to perform the verification process
        try:
            issuer_public_key.verify(
                cert.signature, # The signature itself
                cert.tbs_certificate_bytes, # The data that was signed
                padding.PKCS1v15(),
                hashes.SHA256() # Assuming SHA256, adjust if needed
            )
            print(f"Signature of {cert_to_verify_path} is valid.")
            return True
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Signature verification failed: {e}")
            return False
            
    except FileNotFoundError as e:
        print(f"Error: File not found - {e}")
        return False
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
        return False

# Example usage:
# verify_certificate_signature('path/to/intermediate_cert.pem', 'path/to/root_cert.pem')

            

              
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            from cryptography import x509
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
from datetime import datetime

def is_certificate_valid_in_time(cert_path):
    """Checks if a certificate is currently valid based on its time constraints."""
    try:
        with open(cert_path, "rb") as f:
            cert_data = f.read()
        certificate = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(cert_data, default_backend())

        now = datetime.utcnow()
        
        if now < certificate.not_valid_before:
            print(f"Certificate not yet valid. Valid from: {certificate.not_valid_before}")
            return False
        if now > certificate.not_valid_after:
            print(f"Certificate has expired. Valid until: {certificate.not_valid_after}")
            return False
            
        print("Certificate is valid within its time constraints.")
        return True
        
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print(f"Error: Certificate file not found at {cert_path}")
        return False
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
        return False

# Example usage:
# is_certificate_valid_in_time('path/to/your/certificate.pem')

            

              
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            import requests

def fetch_url_with_ssl_validation(url):
    """Fetches a URL, performing default SSL certificate validation."""
    try:
        response = requests.get(url)
        response.raise_for_status() # Raises an HTTPError for bad responses (4xx or 5xx)
        print(f"Successfully fetched {url}. Status code: {response.status_code}")
        return response.text
    except requests.exceptions.SSLError as e:
        print(f"SSL Error for {url}: {e}")
        print("This often indicates a certificate validation failure.")
        return None
    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
        print(f"An error occurred while fetching {url}: {e}")
        return None

# Example usage:
# url = "https://www.google.com"
# fetch_url_with_ssl_validation(url)

# Example of a URL that might fail validation (e.g., self-signed cert)
# invalid_url = "https://expired.badssl.com/"
# fetch_url_with_ssl_validation(invalid_url)

            

              
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            # WARNING: DO NOT use verify=False in production environments!
# try:
#     response = requests.get(url, verify=False)
#     print(f"Fetched {url} without verification.")
# except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
#     print(f"Error fetching {url}: {e}")

            

              
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            import ssl
import socket

def fetch_url_with_custom_ssl_context(url, ca_certs_path=None):
    """Fetches a URL using a custom SSL context."""
    try:
        hostname = url.split('//')[1].split('/')[0]
        port = 443
        
        context = ssl.create_default_context()
        if ca_certs_path:
            context.load_verify_locations(cafile=ca_certs_path)
            
        with socket.create_connection((hostname, port)) as sock:
            with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=hostname) as ssock:
                ssock.sendall(f"GET {url.split('//')[1].split('/', 1)[1] if '/' in url.split('//')[1] else '/'} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {hostname}\r\nConnection: close\r\nAccept-Encoding: identity\r\n\r\n".encode())
                
                response = b''
                while True:
                    chunk = ssock.recv(4096)
                    if not chunk:
                        break
                    response += chunk
                
                print(f"Successfully fetched {url} with custom SSL context.")
                return response.decode(errors='ignore')
                
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print(f"Error: CA certificates file not found at {ca_certs_path}")
        return None
    except ssl.SSLCertVerificationError as e:
        print(f"SSL Certificate Verification Error for {url}: {e}")
        return None
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
        return None

# Example usage (assuming you have a custom CA bundle, e.g., 'my_custom_ca.pem'):
# custom_ca_bundle = 'path/to/your/my_custom_ca.pem'
# fetch_url_with_custom_ssl_context("https://example.com", ca_certs_path=custom_ca_bundle)

            

              
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            from cryptography import x509
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
from cryptography.x509.oid import NameOID

def verify_hostname_in_certificate(cert_path, hostname):
    """Checks if the provided hostname is present in the certificate's SAN or Subject DN."""
    try:
        with open(cert_path, "rb") as f:
            cert_data = f.read()
        certificate = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(cert_data, default_backend())

        # 1. Check Subject Alternative Names (SAN)
        try:
            san_extension = certificate.extensions.get_extension_for_class(x509.SubjectAlternativeName)
            san_names = san_extension.value.get_values_for_type(x509.DNSName)
            if hostname in san_names:
                print(f"Hostname '{hostname}' found in SAN.")
                return True
        except x509.ExtensionNotFound:
            pass # SAN not present, proceed to Subject DN

        # 2. Check Common Name (CN) in Subject Distinguished Name (DN)
        # Note: CN validation is often deprecated in favor of SAN, but still checked.
        subject_dn = certificate.subject
        common_name = subject_dn.get_attributes_for_oid(NameOID.COMMON_NAME)
        if common_name and common_name[0].value == hostname:
            print(f"Hostname '{hostname}' matches Common Name in Subject DN.")
            return True
            
        print(f"Hostname '{hostname}' not found in certificate's SAN or Subject CN.")
        return False
        
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print(f"Error: Certificate file not found at {cert_path}")
        return False
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
        return False

# Example usage:
# verify_hostname_in_certificate('path/to/server.pem', 'www.example.com')

            

              
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